Ruminant feed containing ammonium formate



United States Patent RUMINANT FEED CONTAINING AMMONIUM FORMATE Irvin J. Belasco, Wilmington, Del., assignor to E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application November 3, 1951, Serial No. 254,789

3 Claims. (Cl. 99-2) This invention relates to a new source of nitrogen to supplement the protein feed of Ruminantia, a division of ungulate mammals, with a quadripartite stomach and more especially is directed to providing ammonium salts of organic acids as a source of usable nitrogen to supplement the protein feeds for such animals.

Burroughs et al., of the Ohio Agricultural Experimental Station, have called attention to the importance of nutrients needed by rumen microorganisms in the digestion of roughages and particularly the cellulose fraction of their normal feed. (Jour. Animal Science, 9, 523-530, 1950.) From the fact that the feeding of cattle and other ruminant animals often includes the feeding of grains and protein-rich feeds in combination with roughage, Burroughs has postulated that these grains and protein-rich feeds, when fed with roughage, might supply nutritional factors needed by rumen microorganisms in the digestion of the roughage fraction of the ration (Feedstuffs, p. 24, 12- 950). These investigators present considerable evidence supporting the proposition that grains and other proteinrich feeds contribute to the nutrition of rumen microorganisms in their digestion of cellulose.

Further work has established that urea is a source of usable nitrogen which may replace a portion, at least, of the protein feed for such animals. By usable nitrogen is means the nitrogen of a compound that is a food for rumen microflora. An improved use of compounds derived from urea is described in U. S. Patent 2,687,354 of M. F. Gribbins, issued August 24, 1954. In the use of urea as a source of usable nitrogen, care must be exercised to control carefully the amount of urea available to the animal. It has been found that urea and its derivatives can be used to supply A to and preferably about /3 of the protein requirements. Inasmuch as, however, large quantities of urea per se under certain'conditions is broken down by microorganisms and amidases present in the rumen of certain animals, giving free ammonia, care must be exercised to prevent excess formation of the ammonia compounds in toxic concentrations (I. S. Dinning and H. M. Briggs, Am. J. Physiol. 153, 446, 1948).

An object of the present invention is to provide a new source of usable nitrogen to supplement the protein feed for the'microfiora of Ruminantia. Yet another object is to provide from ammonium salts of organic acids, as sources of nitrogen, a supplemental feed in which the usable synthetic nitrogen ration of the animal may be increased and the potential hazards resulting from ammonia evolution minimized. Still another object is to provide a supplemental feed composition for cattle containing, as an essential ingredient thereof, certain ammonium salts of the organic acids. A further object is to provide ammonium acylates readily available for utilization by rumen microorganisms. Other objects and advantages of the invention will hereinafter appear.

- In accord with the invention it has been found that ammonium salts of organic acids generally can be used as a source of nitrogen to supplement protein feed of Ruminantia with a minimum requirement for restricting the 2,755,187 I Patented July 17, 1956 ingestion of the salt by the animal. While the said salts break down more slowly to provide nutrients for the rumen microorganisms in the digestion of roughages, and more particularly cellulose in its various forms, the break down rate to ammonia is considerably less than that from other synthetic nitrogen compounds such asurea, for example. Moreover, the salts of the invention improve nitrogen utilization and because of this fact lower the ammonia level. Furthermore, the carbon chain of these salts supply a portion of the metabolic needs of the rumen microfiora, i. e. energy source units for amino acid and protein synthesis as well as units for fatty acid and fat synthesis.

Work with cattle and sheep, in order to determine the value of feeds generally, has been conducted until recently directly by feeding the animal. Within the past few years an in vitro rumen and technique for its use have been developed whereby the changes taking place in feeds, brought about by microorganisms, can be measured more readily and accurately. This technique involves the use of an apparatus in which the digestive processes of the animal are conducted and can be studied in vitro. By this means, various animal feeds are introduced into or withdrawn from the laboratory unit under carefully controlled conditions and the changes taking place studied critically and progressively during the consumption of the feed by the microorganisms.

The results obtained by use of the aforesaid transplanted rumen technique have been confirmed by actual feeding of animals. This technique has established, for example, that protein addition to the feed substantially increases the consumption of cellulose by the animals and that also an increase in usable nitrogen to supplement protein feeds likewise improves ability to consume cellulose. The aforesaid and other results were determined first by laboratory experiments working in vitro and were later established in vivo by direct feeding of animals.

The feed supplements of this invention are the ammonium salts of the organic acids which not only supply a source of biologically available nitrogen as a nutrient for rumen microflora but also give a limited evolution of ammonia during ingestion and also improve utilization of NH3 nitrogen. The low ammonia evolution determined in vitro is an assurance that these feed supplements can be used with wide latitudes in the composition of feeds.

In the examples which follow and which illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention, parts are by weight unless otherwise indicated.

This procedure was used in carrying out the processes of the examples. Into an Erlenmeyer flask of approximately 1 liter capacity was introduced 9 grams of cellulose, 0.6 gram of molasses ash, 70 cc. of a nutrient salt solution, 1 gram of glucose and 450 cc. of a rumen inoculum, the mixture being diluted to 900 cc. with distilled water.

The nutrient salt solution contained a mixture of metal salts of the following composition:

Rumen inoculum was obtained from the first stomach of a fistulated steer which had been fed with a diet consisting of grain concentrate, alfalfa hay and salt mixture. The extracted rumen content was filtered through four thicknesses of cheese cloth or muslin of comparable porosity to remove solid matter, the liquid filtrate being employed as the rumen inoculum. During the removal and filtration of the rumen contents care was exercised HEIGHT OF NH: (MGJ to exclude a1r.

The Erlenmeyer flask was charged with 450 cc. of this 1 2 3 4 rumen liquid to which was added 450 cc. of a distilled 5 water suspension or solution of the aforementioned basal medium plus the nutrient to be evaluated. This flask 136 m was placed in a constant temperature water bath main- 18 2g tained at approximately 39 C. and carbon dioxide 138 77 pumped through the charge in the flask to maintain m m anaerobic conditions.

At the end of the first 24 hours of bacterial digestion a sample was taken for analysis to determine ammonia, cellulose digestion and bacterial growth. After 24 hours 1 2 3 4 digestion new nutrients in water were inoculated with half (450 cc.) of the previous days fermentation and m 59 58 diluted to 900 ml. with water. The analyses and subs2 s4 s4 culturing into new nutrients was repeated over a 4 day 28 period.

In the examples which follow comparisons are made 60 58 60 between ammonium salts and urea. These comparisons show the cellulose digestion as well as the ammonia evolution of the compositions examined compared with a blank composition containing only cellulose, molasses Example 3 FLASK CONTENTS ash, nutrient salt solution and rumen inoculum. 25 I 2 3 4 Example 1 gf a g 0 g o asses as g 1- FLASK CONTENTS Nutrient salt'solm, ml. 10 70 30 Dextrose, g... 1 l 1 2 3 4 5 Starch, 8..-. 1 1 Ure i i tt i "T1 mrnomum BC 3 6 3-- 5 ,2 2 ,3 u e 11q 4m 450 450 450 Nutrlentsaltsoln ml. 7o 70 70 70 70 E10 dihltetllmml- Dextrose, 1 1 1 1 *f f: n 1 1 1 HEIGHT or NH 1/10.) Ammonia formats. g. Ammonia succlnate, g 1 z 3 Ammonia adi ate, g Rumen inocu um, ml. 450 450 450 E10 dilute to 900 ml.

as 184 208 164 g 11 103 12s 54 HEIGHT 01? NH, (MG.) 4 111 150 51 a 157 171 so At end of: 45 OELLULOSE DIGEBTION (PERCENT) 1a 110 115 103 121 a 134 1% 7a 151 2 127 118 so 163 1 2 a 4 0 131 72 as c 128 10s 74 e2 68 so 71 26 so 91 as s so 54 82 OELLULOSE DIGESTION (PERCENT) 4 37 45 s5 s4 74 55 In the above examples the nitrogen supplements were Z3 32 compared with a blank inoculum and with an inoculum 0 41 41 45 39 containing urea in each example for, by and large, these 3 49 62 64 47 examples were conducted on different days and the micro- 13 53 55 57 49 fiora content taken from the fistulated steer was found 60 to vary slightly from day to day. The examples compare the ammonia utilization and the cellulose digestion Example 2 for the inoculum with and without urea and for the FLASK CONTENTS ammonium salts examined.

In Example 1 ammonium formate, ammonium suc- 1 2 3 4 cinate and ammonium adipate treated inoculum are compared wlth an inoculum per se and with an inoculum Cellulose, 9 9 9 9 contalmng rea, for ammonia utilization and for cellulose Molasses ash, 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 digestion. It will be noted that an average of 128 mg Nut lent salts in 7o 70 "0 mime, g 0 8 1 1 of ammoma was obta1ned wlth the urea treated inoculum %t!a;:h g.. 1 1 0 i n i 70 wh1le the ammonium formate, ammonium succinate and Amnioriliim ucoinateffl 11,5 ammomum ad1pate treated inoculum contained respecggggllglcsglctigmgte, g trvely an average for the four days of 108 mg, 34 1113., Rumen 111 1115151111 "1156' 2450 n 143 mg. of ammonia evolved. The cellulose digesl 450 450 11,0 dflutetowflmtion for urea treated and for the salt treated inoculum of this example are substantially the same.

'with this example the ammonia evolved from the urea treated inoculum averaged 140 mg. for the four days while that containing ammonium lactate averaged but 96 mg. The cellulose digestion for the ammonium lactate treated inoculum was 74% while that for the urea treated inoculum was but 65%.

Theammonium salts of the organic acids that may be used in accord with the invention, as nitrogen supplements for feeding rumen microfiora and through them aid in cellulose digestion for Ruminantia, include the ammonium salts of formic, propionic, malic, stearic, oleic, fuman'c, glutaric, succinic, adipic, glycolic, citric, tartaric, gluconic, and lactic acids.

In the formulation of feeds for cattle and sheep, the ammonium salts of the organic acid can be used to supply from 5 to 90% of the nitrogen content of the proteinrequirements for the animal. This is a general rule that can be followed for complete rations for the production of protein concentrate mixtures or for the preparation of pelleted products. In the preparation of such formulated feeds, it is desirable that the synthetic nitrogen constituents thereof be preferably dry mixed with the other feed ingredients so that they can be evenly distributed throughout the feed. Any suitable mixture may be employed as,

for example, a 14% protein feed can be made into an 1 18% feed composition by the addition of slightly more than 69.5 pounds of ammonium succinate per ton of feed. The usual type of feed composition is employed to provide the normal amount of carbohydrate content which may be supplied by wheat, oats, barley, corn, hominy, molasses and the like. These feeds may also contain oil meals and similar meals to supply natural proteins. For example, a typical 20% dairy ration for cattle may contain 300 lbs. of wheat bran, 310 lbs. of hominy feed, 200 lbs. of crimped oats, 300 lbs. of distillers dried grains, 175 lbs. of corn gluten feed, 400 lbs. of cocoanut oil meal, 10 lbs. of soybean oil meal, 150 lbs. of molasses, 52 lbs. of an ammonium succinate, 70 lbs. of brewers dried grains and 50 lbs. of minerals and salt.

Cattle are usually supplied with a diet of grass, hay and the like, augmented by a food concentrate such as that described in the last paragraph. These feed concentrates may contain from 10 to 50% protein, a small amount of minerals and the remainder mainly carbohydrate. The minerals may be added directly to the feed concentrate. When preparing the concentrate in this manner such minerals as, e. g., defiuorinated phosphate rock, salt and the like may be used. Contrariwise, the minerals may be indirectly added with the carbohydrate and/or protein as a normal part of those ingredients. In preparing such feed concentrates it has been found that the salts hereinbefore described may constitute from 5 to 90% of the nitrogen content of the feed, the remainder of the nitrogen being provided by protein.

The invention is not limited to the specific compositions described, nor to their specific proportions for the rate of utilization and its efficiency, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, is determined in large measure by the availability of the nitrogen to the rumen microorganisms and as a consequence, the percentage ingestion of a given salt that can be used varies over a wide range in accordance with the nitrogen content of that feed supplement.

I claim:

1. A ruminant feed composition for feeding of rumen microflora containing carbohydrates, protein and, as a supplementary source of nitrogen, ammonium formate.

2. A ruminant feed composition containing carbohydrates, minerals, protein, and, as a supplementary source of nitrogen, ammonium formate, the ammonium formate :upglying from 5 to 90% of the nitrogen content of the ee I 3. A ruminant feed composition containing minerals,

' from 10 to 50% protein, and the remainder mainly carbo- Griessbach et al. May 19, 1931 Tamer July 17, 1951 

1. A RUMINANT FEED COMPOSITION FOR FEEDING OF RUMEN MICROFLORA CONTAINING CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEIN AND, AS A SUPPLEMENTARY SOURCE OF NITROGEN, AMMONIUM FORMATE. 